No.
The max allowed dissipation in each output transistor in a CD4017 is 100mW. With a 12V supply the voltage across an output transistor is typically 8V when the current is 20mA. Then the power in the output transistor is 8V x 20mA= 160mW and the output transistor will melt.
A current-limiting resistor must be used to share the heat.
In the "push to advance" LED circuit like in Ron's post #9, each LED stays ON until the next one is lit with another push of the momentary swtich, as the OP asked for. Besides connecting a 555 as a monostable to each emitter of the outputs, is there another simpler way to make the different LEDs lite up for just a brief moment, say 0.1 second?
You can make the pulse width of the debouncer 555 the required width, then AND or NAND each 4017 output with the output of the 555. The gate outputs can drive the LEDs directly, or through transistors.