No.How much more current do you want to deliver?
Use 12v, if you want to deliver 20mA from the chip.
The max allowed dissipation in each output transistor in a CD4017 is 100mW. With a 12V supply the voltage across an output transistor is typically 8V when the current is 20mA. Then the power in the output transistor is 8V x 20mA= 160mW and the output transistor will melt.
A current-limiting resistor must be used to share the heat.