In principle, I would say yes. There are also two polarization modes for each of the spatial modes. In principle, even these modes could be used as separate channels, which would double the bandwidth even further. Before this could be practical, better optical fibers would needed, which is asking a lot, since they are already amazingly good. Every imperfection in the fiber would need to be removed. Then, special cabling that puts no stress on the fiber would be needed. That is asking a lot too. If these steps are not taken, then the modes will cross couple, and crosstalk will be the death of a working system. Then, there are practical issues with coupling light into the spatial modes. Polarization is easier because lasers are polarized, but coupling to different spatial patterns is not really practical with today's technology.
Now compare all that with use of wavelength division multiplexing on single mode fibers. The single mode fiber allows many GHz bit rates per channel, and greater than 50 channels is possible. If you need more, simply put more fibers in the cable. The optical fiber takes up very little space compared to the other cable components, such as strength members, sheathing layers, electrical power wires, ... etc.
So, practically, what you suggest is not feasible, but theoretically what you suggest is completely reasonable. Perhaps someday the technology will develop to make this feasible.
This reminds me of another idea that was once considered for increasing usable bandwidth. People have tried to use coherent detection to improve receiver sensitivity and to allow ultra-tight frequency division multiplexing. This is basically trying to use a laser, much the same way we use RF signals. The light becomes a carrier that is modulated with high fidelity using all of the same RF techniques (frequency modulation and phase modulation for example). Heterodyne and homodyne detection can then be done. But, even though it is possible, and very impressive demonstrations have been done, it is not practical compared to high speed channels using wavelength division multiplexing on single mode fiber.