The UV glue should have cured in seconds, even if fairly thick. But only where the light hits it. I've done it with violet LEDs and it works fine. This can cause trouble in some situations- you couldn't cure the UV adhesive that squeezed through the back of the joint by applying light from the front, for example. But seeing as the LED is clear it should have been good at letting UV into the area between the LED and the wall.
What was your light source? You mention glasses and gloves, which are not necessary for UV LEDs. I'm curious if there's something out there I'm not familiar with.
Superglue accelerator is found at the craft store usually, like in the modelling section.
But really this is not the right way to mount LEDs. Usually you just have a drilled hole, you pop the LED into this small barbed bezel and pop the bezel in the hole. No gluing. You may find superglue will crack from the flexing/vibration inside the drum.