Just use a standard car alternator.
You will need a small 12 V battery to get the alternator "started". If you don't have one, there is no field current, so no magnetic field, so no electricity.
I would cut the fan fins off, as you probably won't overheat the alternator even without them, because you are not going to be able to produce the power that an alternator produces at peak, and you will have it in a room at 25 deg C or less and not at 70 deg C that they have to work at under the bonnet (hood in USA speak)
Alternator work best above about 4000 rpm, although you might get away with 2000 rpm.
You want a roller about 4 cm diameter on the car altenator, with the bike wheel resting on that.
20 mph will give you the power to run a laptop, but you will notice that if you are actually travelling. If you intend to run the bike and laptop when stationary it will be fine.