Standard IC and semiconductor pinouts can be found on datasheets.
For common ¼W resistors, I allow for 10mm (0.4") between the centre of the pads on a PCB (the pitch) and a minimum of 2.5mm (0.1") between the centre of two resistor pads next to each other.
Capacitors vary more widely, a typical 25V 10µF capacitor has a diameter of 4mm or 5mm has a pitch of 2.5mm, a typical ceramic disc capacitor (50V 100nF) needs 5mm.
Because components vary widely, always read the data sheet.