probably you can't.
the main difference with batteries is the chemical components that
react for thrusting electrons through your circuits.
for an alkaline this could (differences possible) be
Zn + MnO2 + 2 H2O + 2 OH- -> Mn(OH)2 + Zn(OH)4 2-
for Nickel/Cadmium it would be
Cd + 2 NiOOH + 2 H2O -> Cd(OH)2 + 2 NI(OH)3
for NiMh (Nickel-Metalhydride) it is:
NiOOH + MeH -> Ni(OH)2 + Me
where me is some special metal that can store lots of hydrogen.
The cell's chemistry differs a lot, so does the cell's voltage and the way
the completion of the charge process is detected.
AFAIK alkalines are charged with high current impulses, but I'm quite not sure.
I don't think you can charge an alkaline with a NiCd or NiMh charger.
BTW:
Anyone has seen a circuit for an alkaline charger ?