Mutual inductance and coupling coefficient

[belkzak]

Hi,
Does anyone here knows how to measure the mutual inductance and coupling coefficient for small values inductors? I have succeeded to do that for one common mode choke using an LCR meter, where the L1 and L2 where 4mh, for another choke (where L1 and L2 are 1mH) i have got a coupling coefficient = 1.01 which is impossible as i know !!

 

[ronsimpson]

How to to Measure Mutual Inductance
Mutual inductance is a mysterious quantity that we learn about when we study transformer models, but how to measure it is rarely discussed in the literature.

It's common knowledge that inductance adds in series. For example, if inductor A is 2uH and inductor B is 3uH, if you connect them in series, then the total inductance is 5uH.

LT= L1+L2, (separate inductors)

Now a transformer with two coils can be thought of as two inductors, however, when you connect the two coils of a transformer in series, something strange happens; you get an inductance greater than the inductance of the sum of the inductances! This extra inductance is due to coupling between the coils and is called the mutual inductance. The formula for the series inductance in a 2 coil transformer is:

LT= L1+L2+2M, (Transformer)

This presents us with a simple way to measure the mutual inductance. We can measure the inductance of each coil separately with the other coil left open. Then measure the inductance of the coils in series, and then using the following formula calculate the mutual inductance:

M= (LT-(L1+L2))/2

The only question that remains is how do we measure inductance for a common inductor. It's a simple task if you have a function generator, and a precision capacitor. Place the cap and inductor in parallel to form an LC tank, and then put the tank in series with a resistor. Nearly any value of resistor greater than 100 ohms will work. Then sweep the circuit with a function generator, and place a scope probe across the tank. At resonance, the voltage will peak. Since you know the resonant frequency, and the C of the tank, you can calculate the missing inductance parameter.

L= 1/(C*(2*PI*f)^2)



Using Step Response to Measure Mutual Inductance


This is the easies measurement to make, but requires some complex math. We'll go through the math first. Let's write the voltage loop equations for each of the two coils of a transformer in the time domain:



V1= R1i1+L1(di1/dt) + M(di2/dt), and



V2= R2i2+L2(di2/dt) + M(di1/dt)



If the second coil is open and at t=0 we apply a voltage a step voltage, then i2= 0, and



V1= R1i1+L1(di1/dt) , and



V2= M(di1/dt)



With calculus we can solve for i1 by integrating and we get a decaying exponential curve as follows:



i1 = V1/R1(1-exp(-t*R1/L1))



It follows that:



V2= M*V1/L1*exp(-t*R1/L1)



At t=0 we get:



V2= M*V1/L1 and,



M= V2L1/V1



This gives us an extremely easy way of computing the mutual inductance. Merely, hook the inductor to a battery of voltage V1 and switch in series, and put a scope on the output of the secondary. Flip the switch so current flows, and measure the peak voltage at t=0, on the scope. Using the equation, above the mutual inductance is easily calculated.

 

[belkzak]

thank you,

using the 1st method, as i said, yeilds a coefficient factor greater than one, which is impossible. This makes me doubt my LCR meter accuracy

using the 2nd method, I can not catch up the impulse voltage V2 because my inductance is very small