It sounds like you are asking if the telephone lines or the towers that support the equipment can be used as a very large antenna. The simple answer is yes. You'd have to couple the antenna to whatever so that all of the power is transferred to the 'antenna.' Aside from the obvious safety and interference problems I'd wonder if the antenna would radiate at all or just use up the power in leakage, resistance, etc. Note that the lines themselves and switching, control, etc equipment are unlikely to be efficient at VHF frequencies - or just won't pass them.
For what it's worth, my cable TV (and internet service) is RF transmitted thru the cable at frequencies from 50 mHz to 500 mHz and is directly coupled to my modem. The main cable is expensive and designed for low loss (efficient handling) at those frequencies - and even at that the distribution system contains amplifiers or repeaters that boost the level of energy to account for the losses.