1) thru 5) Test as transistor or darlington. Possibly SCR or triac. Determine polarity from outside leads. You should read a voltage of one diode drop with your meter. If not, it's not a transistor and save for later. If it's a transistor, there will be one diode drop from base to collector; a darlington will have twice this value.
8642 = 42nd week of 1986
8436 = 36th week of 1984
8432 etc.
8416 etc.
9344 wow! practically brand new!
6) ??? need photo from another angle. If it's an inductor, you'll just have to measure it.
7) Resistors, probably 10 identical straight across just like it looks. Read value on ohm meter. If not 10 resisstors across, check CTS web site for other common configuratons.
8) I agree. Diode, posibly zener.
9) Could we have a pic at 45 degree angle? Are those 10 pins? Is the flat surface flexible like a transducer?
10) Polystyrene capacitor. Pretty stable.
11) Capacitor, maybe ceramic.
12) Ceramic capacitor, very popular appearance 20-30 years ago. Photo from another angle showing the dots and we might tell you the value. Mystery to me is the colored dots; all I've ever seen had printed values. Sometimes wet slug tantalums looked a little bit like this, is one lead longer than the other, or a dot or + next to one lead?
13) Ceramic resonator. Center pin ground.