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It really depends upon what the function of the capacitor is susposed to do.
We need more details.
Is a filter for a power supply?
A rf bypass?
For a resonate circuit?
Etc.
Not politically correct, but the way I remember it is "Civil Engineers are queer", i. e. C*ΔV=Q, or the the charge stored in the capacitor Q Coulombs = the capacitance C Farads times the change ΔV in Volts as the capacitor is either charged or discharged.
You also need to know that an Ampere of current is a Coulomb of charge per second, I=Q/Δt.
Substituting and rearranging gives:
Q=I*Δt and Q= C*ΔV, so I*Δt=C*ΔV
or C = I*Δt/ΔV
So to only allow a 1V drop (20% if 5V) while delivering 100mA for 4ms, you would need 0.1*0.004/1 = 4e-4 = 400e-6 = 400uF.
the above calculations assume that the output resistance of whatever you are charging the capacitor with is low enough to bring the voltage back up in a reasonable amount of time.
another way of thinking about it is if it is discharging (supplying current) for 100% of the time, and charging for 1/3 of the time, the current supplied by whatever is charging has to be 3 times the LED current.
It is not a good idea to hook a microcontroller directly up to a capacitive load like this.
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