Water-analogy is a very cool way to understand but just for starters, don't take it too seriously or you won't have any concepts of how the things actually work. What you actually asked here is how all the electronics works because these few components are the basics of all electronics. My advice, do learn about how the transistors work in detail, all of their applications and various types of transistors and what they are used for, this is probably half of all the electronics if you can understand this fully. You also need to know what the basic difference between AC and DC is and why we have these two different schemes. What is a signal and how oscillators work or a digital signal is created. It's a whole world you're diving into.
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