Hi Mosaic, maybe I can answer a few of your questions.
1) Your microphone will be on an analog input, so that doesn't matter. Your switch should be on a ST input.
2) Perhaps you would be better off doing the debounce in software for the minimum of external components?
3) ADC sampling is a lot more versatile and would have more uses than a comparator input.
4) TBH I have no idea. At a guess I would say that a buzzer would have a lot worse frequency response than a mic.