In series, don't forget though - you need DC to charge a capacitor.
2. What happens if I use a power source to charge a capacitor that isn't at that capacitor's voltage rating (eg.- charging a 10V cap with a 1.5V AA battery). Will it charge at max voltage and just take longer, or will it charge normally just at 1.5V instead of 10V, or something else?
It varies between different types of batteries. what exactly do you want to know - the AH rating (which is occasionally given) or the maximum current available (which isn't). Also, why do you want to know?.
4. How bright of an LED would I need to make a flashlight out of?
Depends on the source resistance feeding it, the formula is T=C*R, where T is in seconds, C in farads, and R in ohms. For full charge it's usually considered to take 5T seconds. So a 1F capacitor fed from 1 ohm, would take 5 seconds to charge.
Thanks! Just one more thing though, can I just use diodes to convert AC to DC to charge the capacitor?
It varies between different types of batteries. what exactly do you want to know - the AH rating (which is occasionally given) or the maximum current available (which isn't). Also, why do you want to know?.
This isn't usually something required in calculations, and would vary a great deal - again, tell us exactly what you are trying to do, and what calculations you are wanting to use.
There are quite a few on the market that use (usually) three or five ultra bright LEDs (because this uses less power than a bulb). However, this only provides enough light for maybe reading, or perhaps seeing what you are doing inside a tent. Unfortunately, anything more than that (running at night, cooking by etc) you will need a proper torch with a normal bulb in it.
LED torches are very light (few batteries needed) so are quite useful as emergency torches, but thats about it.