The lowpass filter alone will only give 0 to 5V though, not 0 to 10.
The charge pump is remotely possible, but it's complicated and there are several problems you may not be able to fix.
First off, how much current does the disco light controller require? If it's more than a milliamp or so, you must buffer the signal since the resistance of the charge pump and lowpass filter is too high. If you're doing that, just use an op amp. You can use a charge pump to get a +10V supply out of +5V if you don't otherwise have a higher voltage available. Still, your op amp probably won't drive this close to the rail.
Second, is the signal grounded at the same point as the PIC will be?
Third, does the signal need to be analog, or can it actually use a PWM straight out? Lights can usually be controlled better with PWM sources than analog voltages.