Theres a few ways to tackle this, the three most used methods are :
Pressure sensitive wire, it's used at about every intersection I have ever been thru ( US) If your a yank it's the little lines you see in the asphalt .
The second most popular is called an inductive loop..similer to the pressure wire but more like a metal detector like crofty said.
The third ( and prolly most expensive) is a pressure SWITCH ( **broken link removed**) which indicates transit of an auto across it's surface.
The first and third example can be interfaced to a simple counter ( caveat both are divide by 2, two sets of tires right? )
Any circuit is dependant on the type of sensor you use.