I believe it's called a Q-Switch in Laser systems. They are typically optically-based switches that are way faster than standard electronic circuits, and they are VERY expensive. If you intend to use a microprocessor for it, that would mean a 1GHz one. Quite impossible for a microcontroller. If you can afford a few ns, then you could use a monostable pulse generator. Refer to the 74HCT123. I vaguely remember generating pulses of below 10ns using this.