Any analog modulated IR system is going to be unreliable. If you want to do it look for a system that creates a digital pulse stream for on-off keying of the IR path. It is more complicated but you get what you pay for.
There are probably some IC that can do the whole thing. If you want to be more into nuts and bolts look up a Sigma-Delta modulator. For receiver frontend I suggest you use an off the shelf module that gives you digital pulses out, like used in TV sets, since the biasing setup on an IR pin photo diode is a bit involved.
If you look at the circuit, you are using NPN transistors, usually when i see a circuit like this i'd expect the speaker in the receiver to go between Vcc and Collectors,, ,not ground and emitter.