Input: you'll need a lowpass filter (with cutoff of about 3400hz, hope I got that correct), a switch (for sample & hold) to be controlled by control signals from your micro. A fast ADC might eliminate the need of the SHC stage.
The rate at which the micro initiates the ON/OFF switching determines your sample rate. You'll need an ADC between micro and input stage. Of course.
By the way, why just 5 samples. Have you considered the quality of your output?
Finally a DAC connected to the serial output of your micro. You'll need an RC filtering scheme at the output to smoothen the staircase shape of your output and approximate it to a sinuisoidal waveform, which is what our voices sound more like. This is just the electronics.
There are a lot of example programs to help you along. You can try out Nigel's page. Lots of stuff there.