Yes, there are two audio out signals from the CD laser reader to the player audio amp but locating those may not be easy without a schematic of the CD player. These days all those functions are usually closely integrated on a few chips on a circuit board which makes it difficult to isolate the signals you want. If it has a pot type rotary volume control you might be able to tap into that point for the signals. If it just has the common up/down type push-button controls then that wouldn't work.
In summary I'm not optimistic about doing what you want.