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Looking help on calculator programming

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Parth86

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I want to write c program for calculator but I think at this time I don't have capabilities to writes c program for calculator. so for deep understanding I started with addition only .. I want to write c program that can do addition like below example
Example 1+2 =3, 2+1=3, 12+1=13, 1+12=13, 21+2=23, 21+1=22..... and so on

consider I have 8051 LCD and four switches to perform addition
Switch 1 = "1"
switch 2 = "+"
Switch 3 = "2"
Switch 4 = "="

if switch 1 is pressed than display number '1" on LCD.
if switch 2 is pressed than display operator "+" on LCD.
if switch 3 is pressed than display operator "2" on LCD.
if switch 4 is pressed than display"result" on LCD

basic steps
1) get the first argument, maybe one or digits
2) get the operator '+'
3) get the second argument maybe one or digits
4) get another operator '=' then perform the operation

Look at this program. This program display "1" when I press switch 1 and display "2" when I press switch 2

C:
#include<reg51.h>
/* Data pins connected to port P1 of 8051 */
#define  Data_Port_Pins        (P1)
sbit    Register_Select_Pin   = P2^0;           /* Register Pin of LCD connected to Pin 0 of Port P2 */
sbit    Read_Write_Pin        = P2^1;           /* Read/Write Pin of LCD connected to Pin 1 of Port P2 */
sbit    Enable_Pin            = P2^2;           /* EN pin connected to pin 2 of port P2 */
sbit    Switch1               = P3^0;           /* switch 1 connected to port pin P3.0 */
sbit    Switch2               = P3^3;           /* switch 2 connected to port pin P3.3 */
sbit    Switch3               = P3^4;           
sbit    Switch4               = P3^5;           
/* Function for creating delay in milliseconds */
void Delay(unsigned int wait)
   {
      unsigned i, j;
      for(i = 0; i < wait; i++)
         for(j = 0; j < 1200; j++);
   }
/* Function to send command instruction to LCD */
void LCD_Command (unsigned char cmd)
{
    Data_Port_Pins = cmd;
    Register_Select_Pin =0;
    Read_Write_Pin=0;
    Enable_Pin =1;
    Delay (2);
    Enable_Pin =0;
}
/* Function to send display data to LCD */
void LCD_Data (unsigned char Data)
{
    Data_Port_Pins = Data;
    Register_Select_Pin=1;
    Read_Write_Pin=0;
    Enable_Pin =1;
    Delay(2);
    Enable_Pin =0;
}
/* Function to prepare the LCD  and get it ready */
void LCD_Initialization()
{
    LCD_Command(0x38);
    Delay(20);
    LCD_Command(0x0e);
    Delay(20);
    LCD_Command(0x06);
    Delay(20);
    LCD_Command(0x01);
    Delay(20);
}
/* Function to send string to LCD */
void LCD_String (unsigned char *string)
{
int i=0;
while(string[i]!='\0')
{
    LCD_Data(string[i]);
    i++;
    Delay(10);
}
    return;
}
    void main()
    {
    unsigned char string1[] ="1";
    unsigned char string2[] ="2";
        LCD_Initialization();
        while(1)
                {
                    if (Switch1 == 1)
                    {
                            LCD_Command(0x82);
                            LCD_String(string1);
                            Delay(500);
                            LCD_Command(0x01);
                    }
                    else if (Switch2 == 1)
                    {
                            LCD_Command(0x82);
                            LCD_String(string2);
                            Delay(500);
                            LCD_Command(0x01);
                            Delay(10);
                    }
                   else
                     {
                             LCD_Command(0x01);
                     }
        }
}
Now how to write c program for addition ?
Note: I have replaced keypad with switch for easy understanding
 
First... Map a keyboard so the result is 0~9 , +, -, / * and enter ( possibly a clear key ).

Then you need three arguments... Op1 Op2 and result..

Set up a 4 state scenario with

1 enter operand ( maybe a few key presses )
2 enter operator ( ends state 1 and stores operator )
3 enter second digits (again a few keypresses )
4 deduce and display. ( ends state 3 and works out answer. )

I have done this so when you struggle... I'll help
 
First... Map a keyboard so the result is 0~9 , +, -, / * and enter ( possibly a clear key ).

Then you need three arguments... Op1 Op2 and result..

Set up a 4 state scenario with

1 enter operand ( maybe a few key presses )
2 enter operator ( ends state 1 and stores operator )
3 enter second digits (again a few keypresses )
4 deduce and display. ( ends state 3 and works out answer. )

I have done this so when you struggle... I'll help
I didn't want to use keypad because its so complicated for me. I have seen some program for keypad interfacing but really I don't understand the big program. My main aim is to learn programming with basics. so , I am trying to start with only four switch buttons. I am trying to write program for calculator which can do only addition. I don't have any idea how to complete program.

so I started to learn one by one. first I wrote program that display number on LCD. than I wrote program to display number if switch pressed. after that I wrote program for two switches. I checked that program. if Switch 1 pressed than number 1 will display and switch 2 pressed number 2 will display. after that I tried to write program for addition with four switches but I am stuck I don't have any idea to write program for addition. how to write program for addition.
 
Last edited:
With four buttons, it won't be a very good calculator.

In C there ate many tools to convert decimals to strings and visa~versa...

C also has an extensive math library!
okk I try to understand the code for keypad interfacing with microcontroller. I am trying to divide program into small parts.


This code is for keypad scanning
C:
keypad_read ()
/* scan keypress on first Row 7 8 9 */
    RowA = 0;
    RowB = 1;
    RowC = 1;
    RowD = 1;

      if (Column1 == 0)     /* key "7" is pressed */                   
      if (Column2 == 0)     /* key "8" is pressed */
      if (Column3 == 0)     /* key "9" is pressed */
      if (Column4 == 0)     /* key "/" is pressed */

/* scan keypress on second Row 4 5 6 x */
    RowA = 1;
    RowB = 0;
    RowC = 1;
    RowD = 1;

      if (Column1 == 0)     /* key "4" is pressed */                   
      if (Column2 == 0)     /* key "5" is pressed */
      if (Column3 == 0)     /* key "6" is pressed */
      if (Column4 == 0)     /* key "x" is pressed */

/*scan keypress on third Row 1 2 3 -  */
    RowA = 1;
    RowB = 1;
    RowC = 0;
    RowD = 1;

      if (Column1 == 0)     /* key "1" is pressed */                   
      if (Column2 == 0)     /* key "2" is pressed */
      if (Column3 == 0)     /* key "3" is pressed */
      if (Column4 == 0)     /* key "-" is pressed */

    // scan keypress on fourth Row C 0 = + */
    RowA = 1;
    RowB = 1;
    RowC = 1;
    RowD = 0;

       if (Column1 == 0)     /* key "C"  is  pressed */                   
      if (Column2 == 0)     /* key "0" is   pressed */
      if (Column3 == 0)     /* key "+" is pressed */
      if (Column4 == 0)     /* key "=" is pressed * /
I’m assigning high to all column and Then i am assigning first row to zero and keeps remaining row as high. to check which key is pressed. Then i am assigning second row to zero , than third and fourth row to zero to check which key is pressed

How to complete whole program ?
 
Reading a complete keypad is very easy..

look at this..
C:
unsigned char KEY_Table[] = {0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x46,
       0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x45,
       0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x44,
       0x41, 0x30, 0x42, 0x43}; // keypad numbers

unsigned char getkey()      //
 {
 char mask = 0xEF;      // mask for row selection
 char row;
 unsigned char key = 0;
 for(row = 0;row<4;row++)   // Four rows
  {
  KEY_PORT = mask;
  if(!COL1) key=1;     // Check
  if(!COL2) key=2;     // each
  if(!COL3) key=3;     // column
  if(!COL4) key=4;
  if(key)
   {
   delayMs(300);
   return (row*4) + key;   // if a key was pressed
           // mulply rows by 4 and add
   }        // add the column.
  mask<<=1;       // next row.
  }
 return 0;
 }
This will grab a keypress... Then using the table you get the right key ( mapped ).
 
I got this program. can you help me to understand this program. I want to understand working of each function one by one . I don't understand use of "void writeline(char[]); " in below program

C:
#include<reg51.h>
#include<string.h>

//Define Macros
#define Error  13    // Any value other than 0 to 9 is good here

//Function declarations
void cct_init(void);
void delay(int);
void lcdinit(void);
void writecmd(int);
void writedata(char);
void writeline(char[]);
void ReturnHome(void);
char READ_SWITCHES(void);
char get_key(void);
int get_num(char);
char get_func(char);
void DispError(int);
void disp_num(int);

//*******************
//Pin description
/*
P2 is data bus
P3.7 is RS
P3.6 is E
P1.0 to P1.3 are keypad row outputs
P1.4 to P1.7 are keypad column inputs
*/
//********************
// Define Pins
//********************
sbit RowA = P1^0;     //RowA
sbit RowB = P1^1;     //RowB
sbit RowC = P1^2;     //RowC
sbit RowD = P1^3;     //RowD

sbit C1   = P1^4;     //Column1
sbit C2   = P1^5;     //Column2
sbit C3   = P1^6;     //Column3
sbit C4   = P1^7;     //Column4

sbit E    = P3^6;     //E pin for LCD
sbit RS   = P3^7;     //RS pin for LCD

// ***********************************************************
// Main program
//
int main(void)
{
   char key;                     //key char for keeping record of pressed key
   int num1 = 0;                 //First number
   char func = '+';              //Function to be performed among two numbers
   int num2 = 0;                 //Second number
   
   cct_init();                   //Make input and output pins as required
   lcdinit();                    //Initilize LCD

   while(1)
   {
     //get numb1
     key = get_key();
     writecmd(0x01);            //clear display
    writedata(key);            //Echo the key pressed to LCD
    num1 = get_num(key);       //Get int number from char value, it checks for wrong input as well
     
    if(num1!=Error)            //if correct input then proceed, num1==Error means wrong input
    {
        //get function
        key = get_key();
        writedata(key);                  //Echo the key pressed to LCD
        func = get_func(key);            //it checks for wrong func
       
        if(func!='e')                    //if correct input then proceed, func=='e' means wrong input
        {
            //get numb2
            key = get_key();
            writedata(key);              //Echo the key pressed to LCD
            num2 = get_num(key);         //Get int number from char value, it checks for wrong input as well
           
            if(num2!=Error)              //if correct input then proceed, num2==Error means wrong input
            {
                //get equal sign
                key = get_key();
                writedata(key);          //Echo the key pressed to LCD
               
                if(key == '=')           //if = is pressed then proceed
                {
                    switch(func)         //switch on function
                    {
                    case '+': disp_num(num1+num2); break;
                    case '-': disp_num(num1-num2); break;
                    case 'x': disp_num(num1*num2); break;
                    case '/': disp_num(num1/num2); break;
                    }
                }
                else                     //key other then = here means error wrong input
                {
                    if(key == 'C')       //if clear screen is pressed then clear screen and reset
                       writecmd(0x01);   //Clear Screen
                    else
                       DispError(0);      //Display wrong input error
                }                                 
            }
        }
     }
   }
}


void cct_init(void)
{
   P0 = 0x00;   //not used
   P1 = 0xf0;   //used for generating outputs and taking inputs from Keypad
   P2 = 0x00;   //used as data port for LCD
   P3 = 0x00;   //used for RS and E   
}

void delay(int a)
{
   int i;
   for(i=0;i<a;i++);   //null statement
}

void writedata(char t)
{
   RS = 1;             // This is data
   P2 = t;             //Data transfer
   E  = 1;             // => E = 1
   delay(150);
   E  = 0;             // => E = 0
   delay(150);
}


void writecmd(int z)
{
   RS = 0;             // This is command
   P2 = z;             //Data transfer
   E  = 1;             // => E = 1
   delay(150);
   E  = 0;             // => E = 0
   delay(150);
}

void lcdinit(void)
{
  ///////////// Reset process from datasheet /////////
     delay(15000);
   writecmd(0x30);
     delay(4500);
   writecmd(0x30);
     delay(300);
   writecmd(0x30);
     delay(650);
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////
   writecmd(0x38);    //function set
   writecmd(0x0c);    //display on,cursor off,blink off
   writecmd(0x01);    //clear display
   writecmd(0x06);    //entry mode, set increment
}

void ReturnHome(void)     /* Return to 0 cursor location */
{
   writecmd(0x02);
   delay(1500);
}

void writeline(char Line[])
{
   int i;
   for(i=0;i<strlen(Line);i++)
   {
      writedata(Line[i]);     /* Write Character */
   }
   
   ReturnHome();          /* Return to 0 cursor position */
}

char READ_SWITCHES(void)   
{   
   RowA = 0; RowB = 1; RowC = 1; RowD = 1;    //Test Row A

   if (C1 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C1==0); return '7'; }
   if (C2 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C2==0); return '8'; }
   if (C3 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C3==0); return '9'; }
   if (C4 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C4==0); return '/'; }

   RowA = 1; RowB = 0; RowC = 1; RowD = 1;    //Test Row B

   if (C1 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C1==0); return '4'; }
   if (C2 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C2==0); return '5'; }
   if (C3 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C3==0); return '6'; }
   if (C4 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C4==0); return 'x'; }
   
   RowA = 1; RowB = 1; RowC = 0; RowD = 1;    //Test Row C

   if (C1 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C1==0); return '1'; }
   if (C2 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C2==0); return '2'; }
   if (C3 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C3==0); return '3'; }
   if (C4 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C4==0); return '-'; }
   
   RowA = 1; RowB = 1; RowC = 1; RowD = 0;    //Test Row D

   if (C1 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C1==0); return 'C'; }
   if (C2 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C2==0); return '0'; }
   if (C3 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C3==0); return '='; }
   if (C4 == 0) { delay(10000); while (C4==0); return '+'; }

   return 'n';               // Means no key has been pressed
}

char get_key(void)           //get key from user
{
   char key = 'n';              //assume no key pressed

   while(key=='n')              //wait untill a key is pressed
       key = READ_SWITCHES();   //scan the keys again and again

   return key;                  //when key pressed then return its value
}

int get_num(char ch)         //convert char into int
{
   switch(ch)
   {
       case '0': return 0; break;
       case '1': return 1; break;
       case '2': return 2; break;
       case '3': return 3; break;
       case '4': return 4; break;
       case '5': return 5; break;
       case '6': return 6; break;
       case '7': return 7; break;
       case '8': return 8; break;
       case '9': return 9; break;
       case 'C': writecmd(0x01); return Error; break;  //this is used as a clear screen and then reset by setting error
       default: DispError(0); return Error; break;     //it means wrong input
   }
}

char get_func(char chf)            //detects the errors in inputted function
{
   if(chf=='C')                   //if clear screen then clear the LCD and reset
   {
       writecmd(0x01);            //clear display
       return 'e';
   }
   
   if( chf!='+' && chf!='-' && chf!='x' && chf!='/' )  //if input is not from allowed funtions then show error
   {
       DispError(1);
       return 'e';
   }

   return chf;                        //function is correct so return the correct function
}


void DispError(int numb)           //displays differet error messages
{
   writecmd(0x01);                //clear display
   
   switch(numb)
   {
   case 0:    writeline("Wrong Input");      break;
   case 1:    writeline("Wrong Function");   break;
   default:    writeline("Wrong Input");      break;
   }
}

void disp_num(int numb)            //displays number on LCD
{   
   unsigned char UnitDigit  = 0;  //It will contain unit digit of numb
   unsigned char TenthDigit = 0;  //It will contain 10th position digit of numb

   if(numb<0)
   {
       numb = -1*numb;  // Make number positive
       writedata('-');    // Display a negative sign on LCD
   }

   TenthDigit = (numb/10);             // Findout Tenth Digit

   if( TenthDigit != 0)             // If it is zero, then don't display
       writedata(TenthDigit+0x30);     // Make Char of TenthDigit and then display it on LCD

   UnitDigit = numb - TenthDigit*10;

   writedata(UnitDigit+0x30);     // Make Char of UnitDigit and then display it on LCD
}
 
I don't understand use of "void writeline(char[]); " in below program
It's a function definition ( A bad one at that )

If you are going to pass pointers it would be like this..
void writeline(char* str);

Plus!! They are passing constants so I would worry if it works atall...
This is more appropriate...
void writeline(const char* str);

But!! From this you can still see the calculations and functions.... I prefer my way of reading the keypad.

My calculator has 24 buttons.... I'll dig it out and show you!!
 
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